Listed Building: WINGFIELD TUNNEL NORTH PORTAL (SPC8 51P2) (1417682)

'SUMMARY A tunnel portal built 1836-40 for the North Midland Railway to the designs of George and Robert Stephenson with Frederick Swanwick. REASONS FOR DESIGNATION Wingfield Tunnel north portal,constructed in 1836-40, is listed at Grade II for the following principal reasons: * Date: as an early example of a railway structure constructed during the pioneering phase in national railway development; * Intactness: as a remarkably unaltered tunnel portal that is well preserved; * Historic interest: as a tunnel portal that forms part of the North Midland Railway, which was designed by George and Robert Stephenson, among the greatest and most influential of all railway engineers, with their assistant Frederick Swanwick; * Architectural interest: as an example of the consistently high quality design and careful detailing of railway structures completed for the North Midland Railway; * Group value: as a portal functionally associated with the south portal of Wingfield Tunnel, built to a matching design. HISTORY The Midland Main Line is the outcome of a number of historic construction phases undertaken by different railway companies. The first two phases were carried out simultaneously between 1836 and 1840 by the North Midland Railway and the Midland Counties Railway. The North Midland Railway, which operated between Derby and Chesterfield and onwards to Rotherham and Leeds, was pre-eminently the work of George (1781-1848) and Robert Stephenson (1803-1859) who, along with Isambard Kingdom Brunel, are the most renowned engineers of this pioneering phase of railway development. They worked closely with the Assistant Engineer, Frederick Swanwick (1810-1885). The railway’s architect Francis Thompson (1808-1895) designed stations and other railway buildings along the line. The less demanding route for the Midland Counties Railway, which ran between Derby and Nottingham to Leicester and on to Rugby, was surveyed by Charles Blacker Vignoles (1793-1875) who was engineer to a large number of railway projects. These two companies (along with the Birmingham & Derby Junction Railway) did not yield the expected profits, partly because of the fierce competition between them. This led to the three companies merging into the Midland Railway in 1844 which constituted the first large scale railway amalgamation. The next part of the line from Leicester to Bedford and on to Hitchin was constructed between 1853 and 1857 by the engineer Charles Liddell (c.1813-1894) and specialist railway architect Charles Henry Driver (1832-1900). In 1862 the decision was made to extend the line from Bedford to London which was again the responsibility of Liddell, except for the final fourteen miles into London and the design of the terminus at St Pancras (listed at Grade I) which was undertaken by William Barlow (1812-1902). Additional routes were then added from Chesterfield to Sheffield in 1870, and from Kettering to Corby in 1879. The most important changes to the infrastructure of the Midland Railway were the rebuilding of its principal stations and the increasing of the line’s capacity, involving the quadrupling of some stretches of the route south of the Trent from the early 1870s to the 1890s. Wingfield Tunnel north portal was built between 1836 and 1840 as part of the North Midland Railway. The route from Derby to Chesterfield and onwards to Rotherham and Leeds was surveyed by George Stephenson in 1835, and the Act of Parliament for the construction of the 72 mile line was obtained in 1836. Linked at Derby to the Birmingham & Derby Junction Railway and the Midland Counties Railway, it was to form part of a route from London to Yorkshire and the North East. George Stephenson was joined by his son Robert as joint Chief Engineer on the project in 1837. In order to concentrate on his mineral and mining interests, George relinquished his railway projects in 1839 so it was his son who saw the North Midland through to its completion in 1840. Part of Robert Stephenson’s skill in handling railway projects was his ability to select and manage an able team, and he entrusted much of the engineering design of the North Midland to Frederick Swanwick whose name appears on the surviving contract drawings. The Stephensons, supported by Swanwick, designed the line north from Derby to have gradients no greater than 1 in 250 to suit the low power of contemporary steam locomotives, which meant relegating Sheffield to a link line. To achieve such gradients the line followed the River Derwent as far as Ambergate and then ran through more difficult territory up the valley of the River Amber via Wingfield and Clay Cross to Chesterfield, then over to Rotherham and via Wakefield to Leeds. The notable sequence of picturesque stations along the line was designed by Francis Thompson who was therefore also influential in setting his stamp on the character of the line. Wingfield Tunnel, also known as Lodge Hill Tunnel, was designed by George and Robert Stephenson, with their Assistant Engineer Frederick Swanwick. It forms part of a sequence of structures between Derby and Clay Cross which share a common design language. Indeed, the design of Wingfield Tunnel appears to be mirrored in the contract drawings for the south portal of Milford Tunnel (listed at Grade II in 1979). The original contract drawings show a slightly different portal design, namely in the treatment of the spandrels and parapet. DETAILS A tunnel portal built 1836-40 for the North Midland Railway to the designs of George and Robert Stephenson with Frederick Swanwick. MATERIALS: coursed and squared quarry-faced Derbyshire Gritstone walling, ashlar dressings. DESCRIPTION: the north portal of Wingfield Tunnel is situated in a deep cutting. It possesses a true horseshoe arch consisting of two orders of roll mouldings which merge into a single moulding at the foot. There is an additional ashlar band running along the extrados. The spandrels are of coursed and squared quarry-faced gritstone. Projecting on either side there are wide, raked piers of coursed and squared quarry-faced gritstone with rusticated ashlar quoins. Outside these are wing walls of quarry-faced gritstone that run perpendicular to the track. The whole is topped with an ashlar course, bold roll moulding and a low ashlar parapet of one course, which act as a cornice to terminate the structure. Over the arch the parapet rises gently towards the centre. SELECTED SOURCES Book Reference - Author: Biddle, G - Title: Britain’s Historic Railway Buildings - Date: 2003 Book Reference - Author: Bailey, M - Title: Robert Stephenson - the Eminent Engineer - Date: 2003 Book Reference - Author: Williams, F S - Title: The Midland Railway: its rise and progress - Date: 1886 Book Reference - Title: The North Midland Railway Guide - Date: 1842 Unpublished Title Reference - Author: Alan Baxter & Associates - Title: Midland Main Line Statement of History and Significance - Date: 2013 - Source: ABA Unpublished Title Reference - Author: Russell, S - Title: North Midland Railway Lithographs - Source: ABA Article Reference - Author: Carter, O F - Title: Francis Thompson 1908-95 - an architectural mystery solved - Date: April 1995 - Journal Title: Back Track vol 9 Other Reference - Description: Contract drawings (National Archives, RAIL 530/26) National Grid Reference: SK3705552949'